To study about cutting tools: Lathe Machine Tools, Drilling Tools, Milling Tools, Grinding Tools.

Experiment No.: 05

Aim of the experiment:

To study about cutting tools:
(a) Lathe Machine Tools
(b) Drilling Tools
(c) Milling Tools
(d) Grinding Tools

Lathe Machine Tools:

A lathe is a machine that rotates the workpiece about an axis of rotation to perform various operations such as turning, undercutting, knurling, drilling, facing, boring, and cutting with lathe cutting tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object with symmetry about that axis.

(I) According to the method of manufacturing the tool:

  • Forge Tools:
    Forging is a manufacturing process involving the shaping of metal through hammering, pressing, or rolling. Tools made by this process are called forge tools.
  • Tipped tool brazed to the carbon steel shank:
    Brazed carbon steel shank tools are designed to give the performance of solid carbide tools without the increased cost in material. It provides strength and wear resistance, giving good tool life.
  • Tipped tool fastened mechanically to the carbon steel shank:
    To ensure rigidity that a brazed tool does not offer, tips are sometimes clamped at the end tool shank by means of a clamp and bolt. Tips that are difficult to braze to clamp are mechanically fastened.

(II) According to the method of holding the tool:

  • Solid Tool:
    Solid tools are made of high carbon steel forged and ground to the required shape. They are mounted directly on the tool part of the lathe.
  • Tool bit inserted in tool holder:
    A tool bit is a small piece of cutting material having a very short shank, which is inserted in a forged carbon steel holder and clamped in position by bolt or screws.

(III) According to the method of using the tool:

  • Turning:
    Turning tools are used on lathes for cutting or finishing the outside diameter of a workpiece. It can be used to produce cylindrical parts.
  • Chamfering:
    Chamfering tools are tools used for grinding center holes, positioning holes, grinding holes, or deburring and rounding the edges after side-surface machining.
  • Thread Cutting:
    Thread cutting tools are used to produce helical ridges of uniform cross-section on the workpiece. It has the same shape as the thread form required.
  • Facing:
    Facing tools are lathe tools for smoothing a plane surface at right angles to the axis of rotation.
  • Grooving:
    Grooving tools are used for cutting circular grooves on the inner surface of tubing and for chamfering the edges.
  • Internal Thread Cutting Tool:
    Internal thread cutting tools are used for making threads on the walls of holes.
  • Parting Off:
    Parting off tools are used to pierce or cut off a given length of material. The blade will hold an insert which will act as a point of contact with the workpiece.
  • Boring:
    Boring tools are used to bring holes to the proper size and finish.
  • Forming (Knurling):
    Knurling tools are used to impart a regular surface pattern on the outside of a part for gripping or aesthetic purposes.

(IV) According to the method of applying feeds:

  • Right Hand Lathe Tool:
    A right-hand cutting tool removes metal when moving from right to left. The cutting edge is on the left side.
  • Left Hand Lathe Tool:
    A left-hand cutting tool can remove material while moving rightward.
  • Round Nose Tool:
    A round nose turning tool has no back rake or side rake. Therefore, the tool is fed from left to right or from right to the left-hand end of the lathe bed away.

Drilling Machine Tools:

Drilling tools are end-cutting tools designed for producing holes in a workpiece. The shank of a drilling tool incorporates flutes or grooves that allow for the entrance of fluids along with ejecting the cut chips from the workpiece.

Types of Drilling Tools:

  1. Flat and Spade Drill:
    • Spade bits are flat with a centering point and two cutters.
    • Spade bits are used for rough boring in wood.
  2. Straight Fluted Drill:
    • It is designed to produce short chips in most drilling applications.
  3. Twist Drill:
    • It is the most widely used of all drill bit types.
    • They will cut anything from wood and plastic to steel and concrete.
    • They are generally made from high-speed steel & a twist drill is a metal rod of specific character.
  4. Oil Tube Drill:
    • It is similar to a twist drill; the only difference is that an oil tube has a small hole running along its length.
  5. Centre Drill:
    • It is used in metalworking to provide a starting hole for a larger-sized drill bit or to make a conical indentation in the end of a workpiece.

Milling Machine Tools:

These are cutting tools typically used in milling machines to perform milling operations. They remove material by their movement within the machine.

Types of Milling Tools:

  1. Plain Milling Cutter:
    • It has straight or helical teeth cut on the periphery of a disc or a cylindrical surface.
    • It may be an inserted blade or tipped type and is profile shaped but may be from relieved slots.
  2. Side Milling Cutter:
    • Milling cutters with side teeth are called side milling cutters.
    • These are used to machine steps and grooves or when only the edges of a workpiece are to be machined.
  3. Metal Slitting Saw:
    • It is a flat, circular-shaped tool with a hole in the middle and teeth on the outer diameter.
    • It is used in conjunction with a carbon tool and is intended for machining workpieces.
  4. Angle Milling Cutter:
    • Angle cutters are milling cutters with the cutting face angled with respect to the axis of rotation.
    • There are many types of angle cutters. Some examples are:
      • Single Angle Cutter
      • Double Angle Cutter
      • Crean Cutter

Grinding Machine Tools:

  • It is a multi-teeth cutter made up of many hard particles known as abrasives which have been crushed to leave sharp edges.

Types of Abrasives:

  1. Natural Abrasive:
    • Sandstone, Corundum, Emery
  2. Artificial Abrasive:
    • Silicon Carbide and Aluminum Carbide

Broaching Tools:

  • It is a machining process that uses a toothed tool called a broach to remove material.
  • There are two main types of broaching:

(a) Linear and Rotary Broaching:

  • In linear broaching, which is the most common process, the broach is run linearly against a surface of a workpiece to produce the cut.
  • In rotary broaching, the broach is rotated and pressed into the workpiece to cut an axis of symmetric shape.

Types of Broach Tools:

  1. Internal Broach Tools:
    • It creates keyways or other internal holes for a number of industries and applications.
  2. External Broach Tools:
    • They are used to create exterior contouring or defined edges.
    • Create built-up designs for inserts sections and indesable tool bits with this dynamic broaching design .

Conclusion: –

To be written by student.

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